Chemical Bonding and the
Carbon Atom |
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| 1 |
Hybridization of Carbon |
| 1.1 |
Formation
of sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon (O1) |
| 1.2 |
Formation
of sp2 hybrid orbitals of carbon (O2) |
| 1.3 |
Molecular
orbital picture of pi bond in ethylene (O 3) |
| 1.4 |
Sigma
bond skeleton of acetylene (O 4) |
| 1.5 |
The
pi bonds in acetylene (O 5) |
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| 2 |
Molecular Orbitals in Carbon
Compounds |
| 2.1 |
An orbital picture of 1,3-butadiene
(O 104) |
| 2.2 |
The four molecular
orbitals of 1,3-butadiene (O 105) |
| 2.3 |
Combinations of 2p atomic
orbitals of benzene (O 111) |
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| 3 |
HOMO-LUMO Interactions |
| 3.1 |
HOMO & LUMO of (E)-2-butene
in ground state (O 142) |
| 3.2 |
Excited state and ground state
of (E)-2-butene (O 143) |
| 3.3 |
Interaction HOMO
of cyclopentadiene & LUMO of maleic anhydride
(O 144) |
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| 4 |
Allotropy of Carbon |
| 4.1 |
3-D structures of graphite
and diamond (O 113) |
| 4.2 |
Buckminsterfullerene
and a soccer ball (O 114) |
| 4.3 |
X-ray determination of C60
- osmium tetroxide adduct with two 4-tert-butylpyridine
molecules (O 115) |
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| Stereochemistry
of Carbon Compounds |
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| 5 |
Conformations of Cycloalkanes |
| 5.1 |
Chair conformations
of methylcyclohexane (O 17) |
| 5.2 |
Chair conformations of tert-butylcyclohexane
(O 18) |
| 5.3 |
Planar and envelope conformations
of cyclopentane (O 16) |
| 5.4 |
The anomeric effect (O 129)
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| 6 |
Stereochemistry / Steric
Hindering |
| 6.1 |
Fischer projection formula
(O 125) |
| 6.2 |
Mirror-image isomers
in chlorobutane (O 19) |
| 6.3 |
Planes of symmetry in different
conformation of butane; lack of symmetry in 2-chlorobutane
(O 20) |
| 6.4 |
Formation of enantiomers (O
21) |
| 6.5 |
Enantiomeric bromonium ions
from (Z)-2-pentene (O 30) |
| 6.6 |
Reaction enantiomeric bromonium
ions - bromide ion (O 31) |
| 6.7 |
The mutarotation of glucose
(O 127) |
| 6.8 |
The mutarotation of fructose
(O 128) |
| 6.9 |
Stereoselective addition of
bromine to an alkene (O 29) |
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| Reaction
Profile Diagrams |
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| 7 |
Reaction Profile Diagrams |
| 7.1 |
Reaction of chloromethane
with hydroxide ion (O 9) |
| 7.2 |
Conversion of propene &
HBr to isopropyl bromide (O 11) |
| 7.3 |
Hydrogenation
reaction with and without catalyst (O 27) |
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| Electron
Density Maps |
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| 8 |
Electron Density Maps |
| 8.1 |
Valence electrons
chloromethane & hydroxide ion (O 8) |
| 8.2 |
Valence electrons propene
& hydrogen bromide (O 10) |
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| 9 |
Redox Reactions |
| 9.1 |
Oxidation of an
alkene by permanganate ion (O 33) |
| 9.2 |
Reduction of a carbonyl group
(O 73) |
| 9.3 |
Formation of hydroperoxide
(O 118) |
| 9.4 |
Reduction of an alkyne by
sodium in ammonia (O 34) |
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| Addition
and Substitution |
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| 10 |
Addition Reactions |
| 10.1 |
A hydration reaction (O 26) |
| 10.2 |
Formation of
the cyclopentylbromonium ion (O 28) |
| 10.3 |
Reaction of an alkene with
ozone (O 32) |
| 10.4 |
Addition of a nucleophile
to an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound
(O 109) |
| 10.5 |
Electrophilic addition to
a diene (O 106) |
| 10.6 |
Reaction enantiomeric bromonium
- bromide ions (O 31) |
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| 11 |
Nucleophilic and Electrophilic
Substitutions |
| 11.1 |
Conversion alcohol to alkyl
halide by thionyl chloride (O 66) |
| 11.2 |
An electrophilic aromatic
substitution reaction (O 116) |
| 11.3 |
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
(O 117) |
| 11.4 |
Comparison of the free energies
of activation for bimolecular substitution reactions
(O 22) |
| 11.5 |
Stages of the ionization
of 1-chloro-1-phenylethane (O 24) |
| 11.6 |
Conversion alcohol
to alkyl halide by hydrogen bromide (O 65) |
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| Rearrangements
Polymerisation |
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| 12 |
Rearrangement Reactions |
| 12.1 |
Substitution
reactions (O 6) |
| 12.2 |
A biological methyl transfer
reaction (O 7) |
| 12.3 |
The McLafferty rearrangement
(O 64) |
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| 13 |
Polymerisation |
| 13.1 |
Three-dimensional
representations af a dendrimer (O 141) |
| 13.2 |
A free-radical polymerization
reaction (O 119) |
| 13.3 |
Anionic polymerization of
an alkene (O 137) |
| 13.4 |
Cationic polymerization of
a cyclic ether (O 138) |
| 13.5 |
Polymerization with a Ziegler-Natta
catalyst (O 139) |
| 13.6 |
The solid-phase synthesis
of a peptide (O 132) |
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